A Comparative Evaluation of the Measurement of Interleukin-1β as Salivary Biomarker in Periodontitis Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus

Periodontitis is characterized by inflammatory destruction of connective tissue, loss of periodontal attachment, and resorption of the alveolar bone. Because of its activity as an inflammatory mediator as well as a modulator of the extracellular matrix and bone, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate Interleukin-1β as a salivary biomarker in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: The study included 30 patients, 15 males and 15 females, ranging in age from 30 to 60 years old. Group A: Clinically healthy, Group B: Periodontitis with diabetes mellitus, and Group C: Periodontitis without diabetes mellitus were the three groups of patients under this investigation. Expectoration into sterile bulbs was used to collect whole unstimulated saliva from all patients. Following that, collected samples are sent to the laboratory, where the amount of IL-1β,  as a periodontal disease marker was determined using the ELISA sandwich technique. The data were statistically analysed using One-Way ANOVA. The Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test was used to test the significance at the levels of p<0.05. Results: IL-1β level was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in periodontitis with diabetes mellitus (75 ±7 pg/L) when compared with patients with periodontitis only (45.06±7 pg/L) compared with healthy controls (36.37±5.6 pg/L). Conclusion: From the study, it was concluded that IL-1β level was significantly increased with periodontitis patients, and patients with periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, when compared to patients with clinically healthy group. In summary, diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases are closely associated with each other. Salivary IL-1β level can be used as a biomarker in early diagnosis of chronic periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus.