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Gills are important organs for aquatic invertebrates because they harbor chemosynthetic bacteria, which fix inorganic carbon and/or nitrogen and provide their hosts with organic compounds. Nevertheless, in contrast to the intensive researches related to the gut microbiota, much is still needed to further understand the microbiota within the gills of invertebrates. Using abalones as a model, we investigated the community structure of microbes associated with the gills of these invertebrates using next-generation sequencing. Molecular identification of representative bacterial sequences was performed using cloning, nested PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with specific primers or probes. We examined three abalone species, namely  Haliotis gigantea ,  H .  discus  and  H .  diversicolor  using seawater and stones as controls. Microbiome analysis suggested that the gills of all three abalones had the unclassified Spirochaetaceae (one OTU, 15.7 ± 0.04%) and  Mycoplasma  sp. (one OTU, 9.1 ± 0.03%) as the core microbes. In most libraries from the gills of  H. gigantea , however, a previously unknown epsilonproteobacterium species (one OTU) was considered as the dominant bacterium, which accounted for 62.2% of the relative abundance. The epsilonproteobacterium was only detected in the gills of  H. diversicolor  at 0.2% and not in  H. discus  suggesting that it may be unique to  H. gigantea . Phylogenetic analysis performed using a near full-length 16S rRNA gene placed the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium species at the root of the family Helicobacteraceae. Interestingly, the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium was commonly detected from gill tissue rather than from the gut and foot tissues using a nested PCR assay with uncultured epsilonproteobacterium-specific primers. FISH analysis with the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium-specific probe revealed that probe-reactive cells in  H .  gigantea  had a coccus-like morphology and formed microcolonies on gill tissue. This is the first report to show that epsilonproteobacterium has the potential to be a dominant species in the gills of the coastal gastropod,  H .  gigantea .

Microbial community analysis in the gills of abalones suggested possible dominance of epsilonproteobacterium in Haliotis gigantea