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Background  Microsatellite loci, or single sequence repeats (SSR), are widely used as powerful markers in population genetics. They represent an attractive tool for studying plants such as grasses, whose evolution is driven by hybridisation and polyploidization. However, the development of microsatellite markers has been challenging and time-consuming, especially for non-model organisms lacking available genome-wide sequence data. One straightforward and low-cost approach is to transfer the SSR loci developed for one species, or complex, to another closely-related one. This work evaluates the transferability of microsatellite loci from homoploid to allopolyploid complexes of fine-leaved  Festuca  species and to assess their use in two new species. The studied complex ( F. amethystina — F. tatrae ) is a useful model for research on the local adaptability of grasses with different ploidy levels. Since both species can be considered as rare or threatened ( F. tatrae —as a mountain and narrow endemic species and  F. amethystina —a mountain species with relict lowland populations), any tool enabling studies on genetic diversity and population genetics, such as SSR markers, could also be very useful in a conservation context.    Methods  The ploidy level within populations was estimated using flow cytometry. One diploid and one tetraploid population of  F. amethystina  and a diploid population of  F. tatrae  were chosen to test the transferability of SSR loci. Because our work describes the transfer of SSR nuclear markers designed originally for  F. gautieri , a phylogenetic tree was prepared based on the ITS marker to assess the genetic distance between the studied complexes. The PCR products were separated on a high-resolution agarose gel, intended for SSR marker analysis. Appropriate solutions for the allotetraploid population and whole mixed-ploidy complex were implemented.    Results  Flow cytometry confirmed earlier data regarding DNA content in the investigated species and cytotypes. The phylogenetic ITS tree indicated a small genetic distance between  F. gautieri  complexes and the studied species. Ten microsatellite markers were successfully transferred. All markers were polymorphic. In total, 163 different alleles were scored from the 10 SSR loci. PCoA of accessions revealed well-separated groups corresponding to studied populations. Over 60% of the total variance is explained by differentiation within populations and one third among them.    Conclusions  The transferred markers are valid tools for the study of population genetics and inheritance relationships within cytotypes and species and between them. The presented markers can be used to study inbreeding depression in the  Festuca  species, and variations in the degrees of genetic diversity between different cytotypes in mountain and lowland areas. Our findings can also be applied to study conservation strategies for ensuring biodiversity at the genetic level in polyploid complexes.

peerj

The transferability of microsatellite loci from a homoploid to a polyploid hybrid complex: an example from fine-leaved<i>Festuca</i>species (<i>Poaceae</i>)

The transferability of microsatellite loci from a homoploid to a polyploid hybrid complex: an example from fine-leavedFestucaspecies (Poaceae)