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Stylommatophora is one of the most speciose orders of Gastropoda, including terrestrial snails and slugs, some of which are economically important as human food, agricultural pests, vectors of parasites or due to invasiveness. Despite their great diversity and relevance, the internal phylogeny of Stylommatophora has been debated. To date, only 34 stylommatophoran mitogenomes were sequenced. Here, the complete mitogenome of an invasive pest slug,  Arion vulgaris  Moquin-Tandon, 1855 (Stylommatophora: Arionidae), was sequenced using next generation sequencing, analysed and compared with other stylommatophorans. The mitogenome of  A. vulgaris  measures 14,547 bp and contains 13 protein-coding, two rRNA, 22 tRNA genes, and one control region, with an A + T content of 70.20%. All protein coding genes (PCGs) are initiated with ATN codons except for  COX1, ND5  and  ATP8  and all are ended with TAR or T-stop codons. All tRNAs were folded into a clover-leaf secondary structure except for  trnC  and  trnS1  (AGN). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the position of  A. vulgaris  within the superfamily Arionoidea, recovered a sister group relationship between Arionoidea and Orthalicoidea, and supported monophyly of all currently recognized superfamilies within Stylommatophora except for the superfamily Helicoidea. Initial diversification time of the Stylommatophora was estimated as 138.55 million years ago corresponding to Early Cretaceous. The divergence time of  A. vulgaris  and  Arion rufus  (Linnaeus, 1758) was estimated as 15.24 million years ago corresponding to one of Earth’s most recent, global warming events, the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. Furthermore, selection analyses were performed to investigate the role of different selective forces shaping stylommatophoran mitogenomes. Although purifying selection is the predominant selective force shaping stylommatophoran mitogenomes, six genes ( ATP8 ,  COX1 ,  COX3 ,  ND3 ,  ND4  and  ND6 ) detected by the branch-specific aBSREL approach and three genes ( ATP8 ,  CYTB  and  ND4L ) detected by codon-based BEB, FUBAR and MEME approaches were exposed to diversifying selection. The positively selected substitutions at the mitochondrial PCGs of stylommatophoran species seems to be adaptive to environmental conditions and affecting mitochondrial ATP production or protection from reactive oxygen species effects. Comparative analysis of stylommatophoran mitogenome rearrangements using MLGO revealed conservatism in Stylommatophora; exceptions refer to potential apomorphies for several clades including rearranged orders of  trnW-trnY  and of  trnE-trnQ-rrnS-trnM-trnL2-ATP8-trnN-ATP6-trnR  clusters for the genus  Arion . Generally, tRNA genes tend to be rearranged and tandem duplication random loss, transitions and inversions are the most basic mechanisms shaping stylommatophoran mitogenomes.

peerj

The complete mitogenome of<i>Arion vulgaris</i>Moquin-Tandon, 1855 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): mitochondrial genome architecture, evolution and phylogenetic considerations within Stylommatophora

The complete mitogenome ofArion vulgarisMoquin-Tandon, 1855 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): mitochondrial genome architecture, evolution and phylogenetic considerations within Stylommatophora