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Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites regulating plant growth response. To date, the evolutionary history of the  PAL  family in Rosaceae plants remains unclear. In this study, we identified 16  PAL  homologous genes in five Rosaceae plants ( Pyrus bretschneideri ,  Fragaria vesca ,  Prunus mume ,  Prunus persica , and  Malus  ×  domestica ). We classified these  PAL s into three categories based on phylogenetic analysis, and all  PAL s were distributed on 13 chromosomes. We tracked gene duplication events and performed sliding window analysis. These results revealed the evolution of  PAL s in five Rosaceae plants. We predicted the promoter of the  PbPAL s by PLANT CARE online software, and found that the promoter region of both  PbPAL1  and  PbPAL3  have at least one AC element. The results of qRT-PCR analysis found that  PbPAL1  and  PbPAL2  were highly expressed in the stems and roots, while expression level of  PbPAL3  was relatively low in different tissues. The expression of  PbPAL1  and  PbPAL2  increased firstly and then decreased at different developmental periods of pear fruit. Among them, the expression of  PbPAL1  reached the highest level 55 days after flowering. Three  PbPAL s were induced by abiotic stress to varying degrees. We transfected  PbPAL1  and  PbPAL2  into  Arabidopsis thaliana , which resulted in an increase in lignin content and thickening of the cell walls of intervascular fibres and xylem cells. In summary, this research laid a foundation for better understanding the molecular evolution of  PAL s in five Rosaceae plants. Furthermore, the present study revealed the role of  PbPAL s in lignin synthesis, and provided basic data for regulating lignin synthesis and stone cells development in pear plants.

Comparative genomic analysis of the PAL genes in five Rosaceae species and functional identification of Chinese white pear