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APYRASE s, which directly regulate intra- and extra-cellular ATP homeostasis, play a pivotal role in the regulation of various stress adaptations in mammals, bacteria and plants. In the present study, we identified and characterized wheat  APYRASE  family members at the genomic level in wheat. The results identified a total of nine APY homologs with conserved ACR domains. The sequence alignments, phylogenetic relations and conserved motifs of wheat APYs were bioinformatically analyzed. Although they share highly conserved secondary and tertiary structures, the wheat APYs could be mainly categorized into three groups, according to phylogenetic and structural analysis. Additionally, these APYs exhibited similar expression patterns in the root and shoot, among which  TaAPY3-1 ,  TaAPY3-3  and  TaAPY3-4  had the highest expression levels. The time-course expression patterns of the eight  APY s in response to biotic and abiotic stress in the wheat seedlings were also investigated.  TaAPY3-2 ,  TaAPY3-3 ,  TaAPY3-4  and  TaAPY6  exhibited strong sensitivity to all kinds of stresses in the leaves. Some  APY s showed specific expression responses, such as  TaAPY6  to heavy metal stress, and  TaAPY7  to heat and salt stress. These results suggest that the stress-inducible  APY s could have potential roles in the regulation of environmental stress adaptations. Moreover, the catalytic activity of TaAPY3-1 was further analyzed in the  in vitro  system. The results showed that TaAPY3-1 protein exhibited high catalytic activity in the degradation of ATP and ADP, but with low activity in degradation of TTP and GTP. It also has an extensive range of temperature adaptability, but preferred relatively acidic pH conditions. In this study, the genome-wide identification and characterization of  APY s in wheat were suggested to be useful for further genetic modifications in the generation of high-stress-tolerant wheat cultivars.

peerj

Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression pattern analysis of APYRASE family members in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in wheat