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Fish produce and release bile salts as chemical signalling substances that act as sensitive olfactory stimuli. To investigate how bile salts affect olfactory signal transduction in large yellow croaker ( Larimichthy crocea ), deep sequencing of olfactory epithelium was conducted to analyse olfactory-related genes in olfactory transduction. Sodium cholates (SAS) have typical bile salt chemical structures, hence we used four different concentrations of SAS to stimulate  L. crocea , and the fish displayed a significant behavioural preference for 0.30% SAS. We then sequenced olfactory epithelium tissues, and identified 9938 unigenes that were significantly differentially expressed between SAS-stimulated and control groups, including 9055 up-regulated and 883 down-regulated unigenes. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses found eight categories linked to the olfactory transduction pathway that was highly enriched with some differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including the olfactory receptor ( OR ), Adenylate cyclase type 3 ( ADCY3 ) and Calmodulin ( CALM ). Genes in these categories were analysed by RT-qPCR, which revealed aspects of the pathway transformation between odor detection, and recovery and adaptation. The results provide new insight into the effects of bile salt stimulation in olfactory molecular mechanisms in fishes, and expands our knowledge of olfactory transduction, and signal generation and decline.

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Transcriptome sequencing of olfactory-related genes in olfactory transduction of large yellow croaker (<i>Larimichthy crocea</i>) in response to bile salts

Transcriptome sequencing of olfactory-related genes in olfactory transduction of large yellow croaker (Larimichthy crocea) in response to bile salts