Open AccessEffect of magnification factor by Galilean loupes on working posture of dental students in simulated clinical procedures: associations between direct and observational measurements
Author(s) -
Júlia Margato Pazos,
Simone Cecílio Hallak Regalo,
Paulo de Vasconcelos,
Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos,
Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso Garcia
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
peerj
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.927
H-Index - 70
ISSN - 2167-8359
DOI - 10.7717/peerj.13021
Subject(s) - observational study , magnification , galilean , orthodontics , medicine , dentistry , medical physics , psychology , physical medicine and rehabilitation , computer science , mathematics , artificial intelligence , mathematical physics
Objectives To determine the effect of different levels of Galilean loupe magnification on working posture as measured by compliance with ergonomic posture positions, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back region during simulated clinical conditions. Methods An experimental laboratory study was performed in which the dependent variables were compliance with ergonomic posture requirements while performing simulated restorative procedures in Restorative Dentistry, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back. The independent variable was the level of Galilean loupe magnification, which was tested at four levels (naked eye, 2.5× magnification, 3.0× magnification, and 3.5× magnification). The cavity preparations and Class I composite resin restorations were performed on artificial first molars on a mannequin in a dental chair. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) was used for the postural analysis; as was an analysis of the angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck and surface electromyography. Working posture was recorded on video over the course of the procedure. Participants were filmed from three different angles. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) assessed compliance with ergonomic posture requirements. A locally produced posture assessment software analyzed angular deviation. Surface electromyography bilaterally assessed activation of the sternocleidomastoid, descending trapezius and ascending trapezius muscles. Two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and either Tukey’s post-hoc test or the Games-Howell post-hoc test were performed (α = 0.05). Results During the cavity preparations and restorations, the use of Galilean loupes at all magnifications positively influenced working posture as measured by participants’ compliance with ergonomic posture positions ( p 0.05). Conclusion The use of Galilean loupes had a positive effect on dental students’ working posture during the restoration procedures performed.