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The social context of social species such as sheep can modify their physiological and behavioural responses to stressors, through social buffering and social facilitation. Social buffering can lead to amelioration of stress, while social facilitation can lead to stress responses in an observer animal in the presence of a conspecific in distress. The current study investigated twin lambs undergoing ring castration, grouped either homogeneously with a castrated lamb (actor), or heterogeneously with a non-castrated lamb (observer) to examine the impact of social grouping on behavioural responses. Each lamb was scored for two classes of behaviour: pain-related behaviours and postures that are putatively related to the response to castration; and attentional behaviours directed at its twin. Thus, each lamb participated in the experiment as an actor exhibiting pain-related behaviours and postures, and as an observer of its twin. When behaviours of lambs were assessed as actors, there was a significant ( P  < 0.05) effect of castration but no significant effect of social grouping on expression of pain-related behaviours. When behaviours of lambs were assessed as observers, homogeneous grouping of castrated lambs increased attention towards the other twin in comparison to non-castrated lambs grouped homogeneously or lambs grouped heterogeneously ( P  < 0.01). Non-castrated lambs grouped homogeneously demonstrated significantly lower numbers of head direction changes ( P  < 0.001) and lower number of ear posture changes ( P  < 0.05) than heterogeneously grouped or castrated lambs. This study indicates that social attention between twin lambs is not clearly dependent on pain status of the actor lamb. It suggests that in order for the observer lamb to provide significant attention to the actor lamb displaying pain-related behaviour, the observer lamb also needs to be experiencing pain concurrently. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the presence of pain-related behaviours can lead to increased attention to the surrounding environment in non-castrated lambs. Understanding the effect of concurrent experience and varying social context assists us to improve our understanding of results of other experiments on pain-related behavioural responses.

Attention behaviours but not pain-related behaviours are modified by the presence of a twin in lambs undergoing castration by rubber ring