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Background  Silicon (Si) is categorized as a  quasi -essential element for plants thanks to the benefits on growth, development and metabolism in a hormetic manner. Si uptake is cooperatively mediated by Lsi1 and Lsi2. Nevertheless, Lsi channels have not yet been identified and characterized in pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), while genes involved in major physiological processes in pepper are Si-regulated. Furthermore, Si and phytohormones may act together in regulating plant growth, metabolism and tolerance against stress. Our aim was to identify potential synergies between Si and phytohormones stimulating growth and metabolism in pepper, based on in silico data.    Methods  We established a hydroponic system to test the effect of Si (0, 60, 125 and 250 mg L −1  Si) on the concentrations of this element in different pepper plant tissues. We also performed an in silico analysis of putative  Lsi  genes from pepper and other species, including tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) and  Arabidopsis thaliana , to look for  cis -acting elements responsive to phytohormones in their promoter regions. With the Lsi1 and Lsi2 protein sequences from various plant species, we performed a phylogenetic analysis. Taking into consideration the  Lsi  genes retrieved from tomato, potato and  Arabidopsis , an expression profiling analysis in different plant tissues was carried out. Expression of Si-regulated genes was also analyzed in response to phytohormones and different plant tissues and developmental stages in  Arabidopsis .    Results  Si concentrations in plant tissues exhibited the following gradient: roots > stems > leaves. We were able to identify 16  Lsi1  and three  Lsi2  genes in silico in the pepper genome, while putative  Lsi  homologs were also found in other plant species. They were mainly expressed in root tissues in the genomes analyzed. Both  Lsi  and Si-regulated genes displayed  cis -acting elements responsive to diverse phytohormones. In  Arabidopsis , Si-regulated genes were transcriptionally active in most tissues analyzed, though at different expressed levels. From the set of Si-responsive genes, the  NOCS2  gene was highly expressed in germinated seeds, whereas  RABH1B , and  RBCS-1A , were moderately expressed in developed flowers. All genes analyzed showed responsiveness to phytohormones and phytohormone precursors.    Conclusion  Pepper root cells are capable of absorbing Si, but small amounts of this element are transported to the upper parts of the plant. We could identify putative Si influx (Lsi1) and efflux (Lsi2) channels that potentially participate in the absorption and transport of Si, since they are mainly expressed in roots. Both  Lsi  and Si-regulated genes exhibit  cis -regulatory elements in their promoter regions, which are involved in phytohormone responses, pointing to a potential connection among Si, phytohormones, plant growth, and other vital physiological processes triggered by Si in pepper.

peerj

Silicon flow from root to shoot in pepper: a comprehensive in silico analysis reveals a potential linkage between gene expression and hormone signaling that stimulates plant growth and metabolism