Improvement of the local characteristics of graphene surface plasmon based on guided-mode resonance effect

Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Graphene has been found to support plasmons in a wide range from infrared to terahertz. The confinement of plasmons in graphene is stronger than that on metallic surface. Moreover, the plasmon properties can be dynamically adjusted by doping or grating graphene. In this study, a composite structure comprised of graphene and subwavelength grating is proposed. Highly confined plasmons in graphene are excited by using a diffraction grating with guided mode resonance effect. The wave vector of plasmonic wave in graphene is far larger than that of light in vacuum. To excite plasmons in graphene with a freespace optical wave, their large difference in wave vector must be overcome. Optical gratings are widely used to compensate for wave vector mismatches. A diffraction wave generated by the grating structure can overcome the large wave vector difference and excite surface plasmons. The guided-mode resonance can greatly enhance the intensity of the diffraction field and the coupling efficiency between graphene and incident light. When the phase matching between illuminating wave and a guide mode supported by grating is achieved, guided-mode resonance effect occurs. A nearly 100% diffraction efficiency peak in the reflection or transmission spectrum occurs at a certain wavelength. In this study, the influences of graphene and grating structure on the local characteristics (the surface electric field Ex/Ein, quality factor Q, and effective mode area Seff) of surface plasmons are investigated. The effects of the structural parameters (the thickness of the buffer layer T2, the grating period p, the carrier mobility , and the Fermi level EF) on localization properties are analyzed by the finite element method (COMSOL). The results reveal that the localizations of the surface plasmons in the graphene surface is significantly improved at the certain parameters. 1) The increase of T2 will reduce the intensity of electric field on graphene (Ex/Ein), but the quality factor will obtain a certain increase. The excition of highly confined SPPs needs to improve Q and keep the intensity of Ex/Ein, so in this study T2 = 10 nm. 2) By adjusting the quality factor of SPPs can be improved significantly without changing the resonance frequency ( = 0.7 m2(Vs), Qmax = 1793). 3) Small changes in p and EF will make the resonance peak shift obviously, and the electric field on graphene is greatly enhanced (p = 235 nm, Ex/Ein = 3154; EF = 0.72 eV, and Ex/Ein = 3968). Strong localization leads to strong light-matter interaction, and thus the proposed structure has the potential to be used as sensors with high sensitivity and high-efficiency nonlinear optical devices, greatly expanding the application of graphene in nano optics.