Open AccessPsychosocial adjustment in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus infected or exposed children – a Retrospective Cohort Study
Author(s) -
Zalwango Sarah K,
Kizza Florence N,
Nkwata Allan K,
Sekandi Juliet N,
Kakaire Robert,
Kiwanuka Noah,
Whalen Christopher C,
Ezeamama Amara E
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of the international aids society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.724
H-Index - 62
ISSN - 1758-2652
DOI - 10.7448/ias.19.1.20694
Subject(s) - medicine , psychosocial , distress , confidence interval , cohort study , cohort , depression (economics) , pediatrics , psychiatry , clinical psychology , economics , macroeconomics
Objective To determine whether perinatal HIV infection and exposure adversely affected psychosocial adjustment (PA) between 6 and 18 years of life (i.e. during school‐age and adolescence). Methods We enrolled 58 perinatally HIV‐infected, 56 HIV‐exposed uninfected and 54 unexposed controls from Kampala, Uganda. Perinatal HIV status was determined by 18 months of age using a DNA‐polymerase chain‐reaction test and was confirmed via HIV rapid diagnostic test at psychosocial testing when the children were 6 to 18 years old. Five indicators of PA (depressive symptoms, distress, hopelessness, positive future orientation and esteem) were measured using validated, culturally adapted and translated instruments. Multivariable linear regression analyses estimated HIV‐status‐related percent differences ( β ) in PA indicators and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results During school‐age and adolescence, positive outlook ( β =−3.8, 95% CI: −7.2, −0.1) and self‐esteem ( β= −4.3, 95% CI: −6.7, −1.8) scores were significantly lower, whereas depressive ( β= 11.4, 95% CI: 3.3, 19.5) and distress ( β= 12.3, 95% CI: 5.9, 18.7) symptoms were elevated for perinatally HIV‐infected, compared to unexposed controls and exposed uninfected children. Similarly, positive outlook ( β= −4.3, 95% CI: −7.3, −1.2) and self‐esteem were lower for exposed controls versus HIV‐unexposed children. Hopelessness was similar by perinatal HIV status. Likewise, the distress and depressive symptom levels were comparable for HIV‐exposed uninfected and HIV‐unexposed children. Conclusions Perinatal HIV infection predicted higher distress and depressive symptoms, while HIV‐affected status (infection/exposure) predicted low self‐esteem and diminished positive outlook in the long term. However, HIV‐affected status had no impact on hopelessness, suggesting that psychosocial interventions as an integral component of HIV care for infected children or primary care exposed uninfected children may improve PA and quality of life in these vulnerable groups.