Premium
A crosscutting review of plumbing products‐related water efficiency and conservation
Author(s) -
Williams Alison,
Whitehead Camilla Dunham,
Lutz James
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal ‐ american water works association
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.466
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1551-8833
pISSN - 0003-150X
DOI - 10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0004
Subject(s) - energy conservation , water conservation , product (mathematics) , efficient energy use , engineering , environmental science , risk analysis (engineering) , civil engineering , computer science , environmental economics , business , water resources , ecology , geometry , mathematics , electrical engineering , biology , economics
Reducing the water use of plumbing products—toilets, urinals, faucets, and showerheads—has become a popular conservation measure, and improved technologies have created opportunities for further progress. Plumbing products do not operate in a vacuum, however. This article reviews the literature related to plumbing products and organizes it into a framework comprising the following categories: water use efficiency, product components, product performance, source water, energy, and plumbing and sewer infrastructure. This framework provides a starting point for professionals considering water efficiency and conservation measures to identify relevant technologies and trends as well as crosscutting issues that should be considered.