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Hormones and Hemodynamics in Pregnancy
Author(s) -
Oleksandra Tkachenko,
Dmitry Shchekochikhin,
Robert W. Schrier
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
international journal of endocrinology and metabolism/international journal of endocrinology and metabolism.
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.652
H-Index - 23
eISSN - 1726-9148
pISSN - 1726-913X
DOI - 10.5812/ijem.14098
Subject(s) - medicine , endocrinology , vasodilation , aldosterone , preeclampsia , angiotensin ii , pregnancy , hemodynamics , blood pressure , biology , genetics
Context: Normal pregnancy is associated with sodium and water retention, which results in plasma volume expansion prior to placental implantation. The explanation offered for these events is that pregnancy ‘resets’ both volume and osmoreceptors. Evidence Acquisition: The mechanisms for such an enigmatic ‘resetting’ in pregnancy have not previously been explained. However, recent human pregnancy studies have demonstrated that the earliest hemodynamic change in pregnancy is primary systemic arterial vasodilation. This arterial underfilling is associated with a secondary increase in cardiac output and activation of the neurohumoral axis, including stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, sympathetic, and non-osmotic vasopressin systems. Resistance to the pressor effects of angiotensin and sympathetic stimulation in pregnancy is compatible with an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Results: In contrast to the sodium and water retention which occur secondary to the primary arterial vasodilation in cirrhosis, glomerular filtration and renal blood flow are significantly increased in normal pregnancy. A possible explanation for this difference in arterial vasodilation states is that relaxin, an arterial vasodilator which increases during pregnancy, has a potent effect on both systemic and renal circulation. Endothelial damage in pregnancy is pivotal in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia in pregnancy. Conclusions: Against a background of the primary arterial vasodilation hypothesis, it is obvious that reversal of the systemic vasodilatation in pregnancy, without subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (78), will evoke a reversal of all the links in the chain of events in normal pregnancy adaptation, thus, it may cause preeclampsia. Namely, a decrease of renal vasodilation will decrease glomerular filtration rate.