Climate change and human health: recognising the really inconvenient truth

3–4° C. 1-3 Most political institutions have short-term priorities. These impede the urgent, enlightened and unselfish collective action needed to respond to this unprecedented global environmental challenge. 3,4 Despite the rapid maturation of climate change science and the wonders of global sensing technology and electronic connectivity, we collectively fail to understand the full extent of the risks we face. Something fundamental is missing. Preoccupation with the technical details of climate change science, and with economic costs, property protection and the politics of shared responsibility, has overshadowed full appreciation of the consequences for human health and survival. Despite the growing recognition of the risks posed by climate change to social and economic wellbeing, the risks to human health are mostly viewed as regrettable, and hopefully tolerable, collateral damage. This view is very naive. It fails to recognise the profound significance of the risks posed to the biology and health of plant and animal species everywhere, including our species. Christmas joys aside, this situation signals a Red Alert. Climate change is weakening Earth’s life-support systems, and, if not reversed, portends a disastrous outcome. This is no longer a matter of speculation or theoretical modelling. The number of people affected annually by heatwaves and other extreme weather events has risen in several countries over recent decades. For example, the average annual number of excess deaths associated with heatwaves has increased markedly over the past two decades in Hungary, commensurate with a threefold increase in the average annual frequency of heatwaves. 5 Food yields have recently decreased in some regions, including parts of Asia, southern Africa and the eastern Sahelian region of Africa, in association with a range of environmental stresses that include warming, drying and severe flooding. 6 Some infectious diseases have changed their geographic range and seasonal duration, in association with regional warming. This includes northward extensions in Sweden of tick-borne encephalitis and its tick vector, and in China of the critical winter survival zone for water snails that transmit schistosomiasis. Similarly, malaria has been occurring at higher altitudes in highland regions in parts of eastern Africa. 7 Despite current evidence, such as the marked ecosystem changes and accelerated ice losses in the Arctic, human-driven climate change is still at an early stage; excessive greenhouse gas emissions will continue for (at least) decades, and the full realisation of their effect on climate will be drawn out over time. 8 The momentum of change in the climate system is huge and protracted, especially for sea level rise. Hence, most current climate “mitigation” actions will have limited immediate effect, and further delay and attenuation of emission reduction targets by governments will invite disaster. Adverse impacts on human health can be expected to rise over coming decades — particularly in vulnerable populations in low-income and poorly resourced countries, such as Bhutan and Nepal, and in geographically exposed locations, such as river delta populations, and small island states, and south-eastern Australia. Meanwhile, the unequivocal detection of climate-related health impacts at this early stage presents a research challenge. The health effects of climate change coincide with various non-climate-related causal factors — so, for example, an upwards trend in excess deaths during heatwaves may also be due to population ageing and a greater prevalence of underlying cardiovascular disease. Further, human vulnerability (unlike that of all other species) is typically cushioned by culture, technology, trade and aid. However, this difference in vulnerability between Homo sapiens and other living organisms is less than we might imagine. The natural environment, the biosphere, furnishes all of Nature’s processes and the products upon which our health and survival depend: food, fresh water and fibre (including timber, firewood and cotton), natural constraints on pathogens, access to natural medicines and a relatively stable climate. These things, rather than hospitals, doctors, genetic testing and dietary advice, are the true foundations of population health. Climate risks to health are both direct and indirect. Direct risks include deaths and physical injury from extreme events, such as increasingly frequent and intense bushfires, cyclones and floods; and deaths and hospitalisations from extreme heat. Indirect risks include changes in the range and seasonality of various infectious diseases, and impaired food system productivity on both land and sea, productivity in the latter being compounded by oceanic acidification due to greater uptake of carbon dioxide. Mental and physical health problems can result from the social disruption and dislocation caused by weather extremes that are bringing drought and long-term regional drying out to parts of rural Australia. A likely increase in the flow of climate refugees, here and elsewhere, will also have consequences for health and health care systems. Climate change will act primarily by amplifying and extending the rates and ranges of existing health problems. Hence, to minimise climate change impacts, it is crucial to reduce the high background rates of poor health in vulnerable populations. Many low-income countries are already struggling to meet the UN’s