Vitamin D and functions of adipocytes

The presence of vitamin D receptors in β-cells, in the cells of intestine, skeletal system, lungs, lymphocytes, monocytes and adipocytes indicates its multidirectional activity. Vitamin D has the ability to modify the process of adipogenesis by inducing transcription factors and affecting the remodeling of adipose tissue. Due to the presence of specific receptors in adipocytes, vitamin D affects the systemic regulation of energy homeostasis. Vitamin D receptor knockout mice have lower body weight and better tolerance to high-energy diets, whereas the overexpression of this receptor leads to the occurrence of obesity. Vitamin D inhibits or stimulates the synthesis of adipokines (leptin, resistin, adiponectin), although research in this field is inconclusive. Vitamin D reduces inflammation mainly by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. It has also been indicated that adipose tissue affects the metabolism of vitamin D. Preadipocytes and mature adipocytes modulate the activity of enzymes involved in the hydroxylation and metabolism of this vitamin. Vitamin D binding protein also plays an important role, as, in addition to controlling the metabolism of this compound, it may participate in the pathogenesis of complications of obesity. Vitamin D deficiencies in various niejedpopulationgroups, particularly in people with excess adipose tissue, lead to many metabolicdysfunctions, such as carbohydrate and lipid disorders. Thus, the proper supply of this vitaminis important for improving health condition. The aim of the study is to review the data on theeffects of vitamin D on the process of adipogenesis and adipocyte role in the metabolism of thisvitamin, its impact on energy homeostasis, adipokines synthesis and inflammatory reactions