Open AccessImpact of Computerized Provider Order Entry Systems on hospital staff pharmacist workflow productivity: A three site comparative analysis based on level of CPOE implementation
Author(s) -
Benjamin Lewing,
Mark Hatfield,
Sujit S. Sansgiry
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
journal of hospital administration
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1927-7008
pISSN - 1927-6990
DOI - 10.5430/jha.v7n1p1
Subject(s) - order entry , medicine , pharmacist , workflow , computerized physician order entry , post hoc analysis , observational study , clinical pharmacy , health care , medical emergency , nursing , pharmacy , computer science , database , economics , economic growth
Objective: Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) is a system that enables physicians to send medication orders electronically rather than physically writing out the order. CPOE can reduce handwriting and transcription related medication errors and has been a major implementation goal for health systems. The objective of this study was to quantify and examine differences seen in the workflow of pharmacists at hospitals, with different levels of CPOE implementation.Methods: An observational, prospective time and motion study was conducted among three hospitals within the same health system: one classified as a non-CPOE system, one as short-term CPOE, and one as long-term CPOE. Pharmacists were observed in one-hour blocks, in which a data instrument was used to record 38 different tasks, which were grouped into four activities: clinical, distributive, administrative, and miscellaneous. The distributive category was further divided into three sub-categories. The average time associated with performing activities across the three hospitals was compared by descriptive and comparative analyses using ANOVAs and the post-hoc Tukey’s range test.Results: A total of 252 hours were collected and 235 met the inclusion criteria. The significant differences in time spent on task categories among hospitals were as follows: Non-CPOE vs. short term CPOE vs. long-term CPOE (mean ± SD in min/h) clinical tasks: (6.55 ± 6.40) vs. (4.95 ± 4.15) vs. (3.79 ± 4.91), respectively, (p < .05); order entry tasks: (29.62 ± 11.24) vs. (17.44 ± 10.73) vs. (10.27 ± 8.88) respectively, (p < .05); order verification tasks: (0.88 ± 1.77) vs. (13.93 ± 8.50) vs. (16.60 ± 9.63) respectively, (p < .05); other distributive tasks: (13.60 ± 10.04) vs. (15.86 ± 8.38) vs. (19.66 ± 8.42) respectively, (p < .05); and miscellaneous: (3.78 ± 4.64) vs. (1.54 ± 3.20) vs. (2.23 ± 3.51) respectively, (p < .05).Conclusions: The presence of a CPOE system could affect pharmacists’ workflow and time allotment on different types of pharmacy activities. Further, the time spent on certain activities was associated with the amount of time the CPOE system was implemented.