Acute Kidney Injury in Children

Recent literature data has shown that acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common occurrence in critically ill children and that it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, even after adjusting for other risk factors. In addition, it can result in long-term sequelae translated by the development of arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria and chronic renal dysfunction. High degree of suspicion, early diagnosis based on the recognition of patients at risk and the use of new criteria for the diagnosis and classification of AKI and, whenever possible, using the new biomarkers can positively alter the prognosis of these patients. Although there is still no specific treatment for AKI, it is recommended to focus on the immediate institution of preventive measures in order to maintain renal hemodynamics, early treatment of septic patients, elimination of exogenous nephrotoxins, recognition and management of patients with AKI secondary to high levels of endotoxins, control and normalization of volume after the initial phase of fluid resuscitation, sufficient nutritional support, and recognition and treatment of the underlying causes are necessary. Patients that fail with conservative care will need renal replacement therapy.