Open AccessAngiotensin-converting enzyme-1 gene insertion/deletion polymorphism may be associated with COVID-19 clinical severity: a prospective cohort study
Author(s) -
Özgür Günal,
Özlem Sezer,
Göksenin Ünlügüzel Üstün,
Çağatay Erman Öztürk,
Ahmet Şen,
Serbülent Yığıt,
Mehmet Derya Demirağ
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
annals of saudi medicine/annals of saudi medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.373
H-Index - 44
eISSN - 0975-4466
pISSN - 0256-4947
DOI - 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.141
Subject(s) - asymptomatic , medicine , genotype , gastroenterology , prospective cohort study , angiotensin converting enzyme , comorbidity , biology , genetics , gene , blood pressure
BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism may play a role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES: Investigate the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and the clinical severity of COVID-19. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included COVID-19 patients with asymptomatic, mild, and severe disease with clinical data and whole blood samples collected from 1 April 2020 to 1 July 2020. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: ACE DD, DI and II genotypes frequencies. SAMPLE SIZE: 90 cases, 30 in each disease severity group. RESULTS: Age and the frequency of general comorbidity increased significantly from the asymptomatic disease group to the severe disease group. Advanced age, diabetes mellitus and presence of ischemic heart disease were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 [OR and 95 % CI: 1.052 (1.021-1.083), 5.204 (1.006-26.892) and 5.922 (1.109-31.633), respectively]. The ACE II genotype was the dominant genotype (50%) in asymptomatic patients, while the DD genotype was the dominant genotype (63.3 %) in severe disease. The ACE II geno-type was protective against severe COVID-19 [OR and 95% CI: .323 (.112-.929)]. All nine patients (8.9%) who died had severe disease. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical severity of COVID-19 infection may be associated with the ACE I/D polymorphism. LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and single center. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.