Open AccessSonographic Assessment of Kidneys in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sero-Positive Patients: A systematic Review
Author(s) -
Mohammed Sidi,
Abbas Kabir
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of radiography and radiation sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2736-1063
pISSN - 2736-1071
DOI - 10.48153/jrrs/2020/sycm4375
Subject(s) - medicine , nephropathy , echogenicity , medline , retrospective cohort study , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , pathology , radiology , ultrasound , immunology , political science , law , diabetes mellitus , endocrinology
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a major challenge globally, and approximately180,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in Nigeria in 2015. HIVassociated nephropathy is the third most common cause of end-stage renalfailure.Objectives: To review published original research articles on the sonographicevaluation of kidneys in HIV seropositive patients, identifying missing gapsand coming up with an area of further study.Methodology: The study was retrospective and a secondary source of data frompublished original research articles was used. The search was performed throughGoogle search using Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed and Medline. All thepublished original research articles in the English language and the availability offull-text articles were included in the study.The results: An electronic search using the search terms had identified 58related published articles, but only 12 articles were reviewed. This study foundout that human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) to bemost predominant renal disease in HIV positive patients leaving in sub-SaharanAfrica with increased renal parenchymal echogenicity and decreasedcorticomedullary differentiation sonographically, which correlate in raised ofserum creatinine level and the degree of patients' immune competence (CD4count). Few studies correlated the sonographic findings with histopathologicalfeature and none use Doppler ultrasound.Conclusion: This study has identified a correlation between the sonographic findingswith the histopathological features and the use of Doppler ultrasound as themissing gaps from the previously published research articles in the subject area.