Open AccessAnemia Burden, Types and Associated Risk Factors among Kenyan Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Co-infected Injection Substance UsersAnemia Burden, Types and Associated Risk Factors among Kenyan Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 a
Author(s) -
Collins Abonyo,
Nathan Shaviya,
Valentine Budambula,
Tom Were
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
ethiopian journal of health sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.479
H-Index - 20
eISSN - 2413-7170
pISSN - 1029-1857
DOI - 10.4314/ejhs.v30i5.4
Subject(s) - medicine , tuberculosis , anemia , immunology , mycobacterium tuberculosis , coinfection , immunodeficiency , immunosuppression , viral load , virology , virus , pathology , immune system
Background Although injection substance users and individuals co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis suffer marked hematologic derangements, the rates, levels, morphologic types and associated risk factors of anemia among Human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfected injection substance users has not been reported in Kenya. Methods This cross-sectional study determined anemia rates, levels and morphologic types. Anemia was associated with clinical markers of disease- underweight, immunosuppression and viral load. Complete blood count, CD4 T-cell enumeration and viral load were determined via standard laboratory methods. Results All injection substance users had higher rates of anaemia (HIV+TB+ ISUs, 79.3%; HIV-TB+ISUs, 70.0%; HIV+TB- ISUs, 56.6% and HIV-TB- ISUs, 56.2%) relative to non-ISUs (16.6%; P<0.05). A significant proportion of HIV+TB+ISUs (47.8%) developed severe anemia than other clinical groups. The commonest morphologic type of anemia in HIV+TB+ISUs was microcytic hypochromic (43.5%) followed by normocytic hypochromic (17.4%) relative to the other clinical groups. HIV+TB+ ISUs with CD4 T-cells <200/uL (OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.41–6.13, P=0.004) and CD4 Tcells of 200–349/uL (OR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.66–6.31, P=0.001) associated with higher odds of developing anemia. Conclusion This study revealed that severe anemia and microcytic hypochromic anemia are the most common erythrocytic sequelae among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infected ISUs. Those with CD4 T-cells < 350/uL are utmost expected to develop anemia.