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It is about half a century since free-living amoebae were recognized as pathogenic organisms, but there is still much we should learn about these rare fatal human infectious agents. A recently introduced causative agent of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis,  Balamuthia mandrillaris , has been reported in a limited number of countries around the world. A 3-year-old girl was referred to our tertiary hospital because of inability to establish a proper diagnosis. She had been experiencing neurologic complaints including ataxia, altered level of consciousness, dizziness, seizure, and left-sided hemiparesis. The patient's history, physical examination results, and laboratory investigations had led to a wide differential diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed multiple mass lesions. As a result, the patient underwent an intraoperative frozen section biopsy of the brain lesion. The frozen section study showed numerous cells with amoeba-like appearances in the background of mixed inflammatory cells. Medications for free-living amoebic meningoencephalitis were administered. PCR assay demonstrated  B. mandrillaris  as the pathogenic amoeba. Unfortunately, the patient died 14 days after her admission. To our knowledge, this is the first report of  B. mandrillaris  meningoencephalitis in the Middle East and the first time we have captured the organism during a frozen-section study.

Case Report: Encephalitis Caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in a 3-Year-Old Iranian Girl