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In Brazil, schistosomiasis continues to be an important health issue. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with  Schistosoma mansoni  infestation. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess factors associated with  S. mansoni  endemicity in a municipality in Northeast Brazil with a history of reporting schistosomiasis. Participants were divided into four groups: 1) new  S. mansoni  cases ( n  = 44), 2) past history of  S. mansoni  treatment ( n  = 78), 3) immediate neighbors ( n  = 158), and 4) nearby controls ( n  = 35). Multiple comparisons analysis was performed. Subjects had a mean of 6.6 ± 3.9 years of education, and no difference was observed regarding family income (one-way analysis of variance,  P  = 0.215). A total of 95.9% of the individuals had rudimentary cesspit as sanitary wastewater. The mean body mass index was 28.3 ± 5.1, with 41.0% and 24.1% overweight and obesity, respectively. Of note, 28.9% of adults had hypertension. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were higher in the recent  S. mansoni  treated group (Wilks’ lambda,  P  &lt; 0.001). Male gender was more prevalent in new  S. mansoni  cases (likelihood ratio,  P  &lt; 0.001), close proximity to water collections was a risk for  S. mansoni  infestation (likelihood ratio,  P  &lt; 0.001), and a better hematological status was observed in individuals recently treated with praziquantel. This study indicates the need to maintain surveillance for  S. mansoni  in low-transmission areas and the need to establish community-based interventions to control transmission.

Factors Associated with Schistosoma mansoni Infestation in Northeast Brazil: A Need to Revisit Individual and Community Risk Factors