First Molecular Report of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in Paraguayan Inhabitants Using High-Resolution Melt-PCR

American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an endemic anthropozoonosis undergoing expansion on the American continent. The disease is caused by several Leishmania species and it is manifested as cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In this study, we evaluate the viability of high-resolution melt polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) analysis to differentiate four closely related Leishmania species as a routine tool for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. For this purpose, biopsy specimens from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions were taken from 132 individuals from endemic and non-endemic areas for leishmaniasis. Each sample was processed for parasitological, histopathological, and molecular analysis. Positive biopsy samples were analyzed by HRM-PCR of a 144-bp heat-shock protein (hsp70) gene fragment, and new cases were confirmed by sequencing. Of the 132 samples analyzed, 36 (27%) were positive for Leishmania spp., of which 86% were from cutaneous lesions and 14% from mucocutaneous lesions. We identified Leishmania ( Viannia ) braziliensis (84%), Leishmania ( Leishmania ) infantum (13%), and Leishmania ( Leishmania ) amazonensis (3%) in cutaneous lesions, and L. ( V. ) braziliensis (40%), L. ( L. ) infantum (20%), L. ( L. ) amazonensis (20%), and Leishmania ( Viannia ) guyanensis (20%) in mucocutaneous lesions. The main purpose of this research was to report for the first time in Paraguay the presence of L. ( L. ) amazonensis and L. ( V. ) guyanensis in patients with cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions, using the HRM-PCR technique. In addition, we report the presence of additional new cases of L. ( L. ) infantum in cutaneous lesions.