Open AccessEffect of obstructive sleep apnea on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive literature review
Author(s) -
Srikant Nannapaneni,
Kannan Ramar,
Salim Surani
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
world journal of diabetes
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 1948-9358
DOI - 10.4239/wjd.v4.i6.238
Subject(s) - medicine , obstructive sleep apnea , type 2 diabetes mellitus , insulin resistance , continuous positive airway pressure , metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes , nephropathy , sleep apnea , diabetes mellitus , diabetic retinopathy , coronary artery disease , obesity , intensive care medicine , endocrinology
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is frequently associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Also frequently associated with metabolic syndrome is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, it is common to find OSA and T2DM together in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Additionally, both OSA and T2DM have a common pathophysiological link with development of insulin resistance. Individuals with severe insulin resistance are likely to have inadequate glycemic control. Long standing poorly controlled T2DM is associated with debilitating microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and macrovascular complications such as coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. There is extensively published literature exploring the cause-effect relationship between OSA and T2DM. In this article we provide an in-depth review of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms linking OSA to T2DM. Specifically, this review focusses on the effect of OSA on the microvascular complications of T2DM such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Additionally, we review the current literature on the effect of continuous positive airway pressure use in individuals with T2DM and OSA.