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Nalbuphine as well as butorphanol as adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine have been studied in comparison to bupivacaine alone. Both are kappa receptor agonist and have never been compared for its efficacy in terms of postoperative analgesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate duration of postoperative analgesia as well as intraoperative block characteristics using intrathecal nalbuphine hydrochloride (800 μg) or butorphanol (25 μg) as adjuvant to hyperbaric bupivacaine (12.5 mg) in lower limb fracture femur surgeries as compared to active control, that is, saline and bupivacaine.

journal of anaesthesiology clinical pharmacology

Duration of postoperative analgesia with Nalbuphine vs Butorphanol as an adjunct to spinal anesthesia for lower limb orthopedic surgeries: A randomized double-blind active control trial