Open AccessCurrent status and future possibilities of retinal imaging in diabetic retinopathy care applicable to low- and medium-income countries
Author(s) -
Yamini Attiku,
Ye He,
Muneeswar Gupta Nittala,
Srinivas R. Sadda
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
indian journal of ophthalmology/indian journal of ophthalmology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.542
H-Index - 51
eISSN - 1998-3689
pISSN - 0301-4738
DOI - 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1212_21
Subject(s) - medicine , optical coherence tomography , fundus photography , optometry , multispectral image , diabetic retinopathy , microperimetry , fundus (uterus) , fluorescein angiography , medical imaging , ophthalmoscopy , imaging technology , ophthalmology , retinal , artificial intelligence , computer science , radiology , diabetes mellitus , endocrinology
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness among adults and the numbers are projected to rise. There have been dramatic advances in the field of retinal imaging since the first fundus image was captured by Jackman and Webster in 1886. The currently available imaging modalities in the management of DR include fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and near-infrared reflectance imaging. These images are obtained using traditional fundus cameras, widefield fundus cameras, handheld fundus cameras, or smartphone-based fundus cameras. Fluorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy, adaptive optics, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, and multicolor imaging are the evolving technologies which are being researched for their potential applications in DR. Telemedicine has gained popularity in recent years as remote screening of DR has been made possible. Retinal imaging technologies integrated with artificial intelligence/deep-learning algorithms will likely be the way forward in the screening and grading of DR. We provide an overview of the current and upcoming imaging modalities which are relevant to the management of DR.