Open AccessReactive metabolites and antioxidant gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Author(s) -
Monisha Banerjee,
Pushpank Vats
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
indian journal of human genetics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 0971-6866
pISSN - 1998-362X
DOI - 10.4103/0971-6866.132747
Subject(s) - oxidative stress , antioxidant , polyol pathway , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate , superoxide dismutase , xanthine oxidase , chemistry , biochemistry , glutathione peroxidase , oxidase test , enzyme , aldose reductase
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), by definition is a heterogeneous, multifactorial, polygenic syndrome which results from insulin receptor (IR) dysfunction. It is an outcome of oxidative stress caused by interactions of reactive metabolites (RMs) with lipids, proteins and other molecules of the human body. Production of RMs mainly superoxides (•O2 (-)) has been found in a variety of predominating cellular enzyme systems including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, xanthine oxidase, cyclooxygenase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and myeloperoxidase. The four main RM related molecular mechanisms are: increased polyol pathway flux; increased advanced glycation end-product formation; activation of protein kinase C isoforms and increased hexosamine pathway flux which have been implicated in glucose-mediated vascular damage. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and NOS are antioxidant enzymes involved in scavenging RMs in normal individuals. Functional polymorphisms of these antioxidant enzymes have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM. The low levels of antioxidant enzymes or their non-functionality results in excessive RMs which initiates stress related pathways thereby leading to IR and T2DM. An attempt has been made to review the role of RMs and antioxidant enzymes in oxidative stress resulting in T2DM.