Consistent Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood Estimators and Groups of Transformations

In a transformation modely t = c [ a ( x t , β ) , u t ] , where the errorsu tare i.i.d. and independent of the explanatory variablesx t , the parameters can be estimated by a pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PML) method, that is, by using a misspecified distribution of the errors, but the PML estimator of β is in general not consistent. We explain in this paper how to nest the initial model in an identified augmented model with more parameters in order to derive consistent PML estimators of appropriate functions of parameter β . The usefulness of the consistency result is illustrated by examples of systems of nonlinear equations, conditionally heteroscedastic models, stochastic volatility, or models with spatial interactions.