Clinical Approach and Diagnosis of Syncope

Syncope, defined as a transient loss of consciousness, is commonly clinical encountered in patients of all ages at emergency and outpatient clinics. However, syncope shares various clinical features with other diseases (e.g., epilepsy), and the explicit cause may be difficult to identify because testing (e.g., electrocardiography) cannot be performed during a syncopal episode. Syncope due to a cardiac disorder may lead to a fatal outcome such as sudden cardiac death, whereas neurally mediated syncope has a much more favorable prognosis. Herein, we classify the causes of syncope and provide the clinical approach for each, focusing on recently updated guidelines.