Open AccessA combination of PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors: The prospect of overcoming the weakness of tumor immunotherapy (Review)
Author(s) -
Xianbin Kong,
Peng Lü,
Chuanxin Liu,
Yuzhu Guo,
Yuying Yang,
Yingying Pan,
Fangyuan Wang,
Zhichao Bo,
Xiaoxin Dou,
Haoyang Shi,
Meng Jing-yan
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
molecular medicine reports
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.727
H-Index - 56
eISSN - 1791-3004
pISSN - 1791-2997
DOI - 10.3892/mmr.2021.12001
Subject(s) - oncolytic virus , immunotherapy , pd l1 , cancer , molecular medicine , medicine , cancer immunotherapy , oncogene , cancer research , immunology , cell cycle
Programmed cell death protein‑1 (PD‑1)/programmed death protein ligand‑1 (PD‑L1) inhibitors for treatment of a various types of cancers have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. However, PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors are associated with a low response rate and are only effective on a small number of patients with cancer. Development of an anti‑PD‑1/PD‑L1 sensitizer for improving response rate and effectiveness of immunotherapy is a challenge. The present study reviews the synergistic effects of PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitor with oncolytic virus, tumor vaccine, molecular targeted drugs, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, intestinal flora and traditional Chinese medicine, to provide information for development of effective combination therapies.