Indicateurs et benchmarks

For the most part centuries-old, since they originate in the heart of the Christian French Middle Ages, the universities have been structured in their five modern contours which here, by decree of Napoleonic empire:1 secularism, "exclusive place of teaching ... no school, no institution of any instruction can be formed outside the imperial university";1 disciplinary fields, "five orders of faculty (theology, law, medicine, mathematical and physical sciences, letters";1 the hierarchical mode, "a dean chosen from among the professors at the head of each faculty of theology";1 production, "each faculty confers three degrees (baccalaureate, license, doctorate) following examinations and public documents";1 academic zoning, "as many as there are courts of appeal".Always worthy representative of the French "hybrid" public service (Demeestère, Orange, 2008), the university is now accountable for its results, i.e. for the service rendered to citizens and no longer just for the historic obligation of means. The last decade has been fruitful in repositioning and transformations: we suggest recalling them briefly before discussing their current strategic implications.