Уроки истории: модальности «закономерность», «сингулярность», «целое»

The article discusses the conditions for the conceivability of the idea of the lessons of history. To rely on empirical material, three cases are analyzed: how Z. Bauman formulates the lessons of history in the book "The Relevance of the Holocaust", some modern Russian political analysts, I. Stalin in the 1920s and 1930s last century. The author hypothesizes that the whole, which allows one to obtain correct knowledge about the lessons of history, is given by two additional discourses (cultural and civilizational). The features of these discourses and related modalities of thinking — regularity and singularity — are discussed. The above considerations are verified on the empirical example of the post-war history of Germany and the USSR.