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Comparative anatomy and morphology of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) somatic embryos from solid‐ and liquid‐culture‐derived proembryogenic masses
Author(s) -
Jayasankar S.,
Bondada Bhaskar R.,
Li Zhijian,
Gray D. J.
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
american journal of botany
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.218
H-Index - 151
eISSN - 1537-2197
pISSN - 0002-9122
DOI - 10.3732/ajb.90.7.973
Subject(s) - suspensor , biology , somatic embryogenesis , meristem , botany , somatic cell , embryo , zygote , apical cell , shoot , microbiology and biotechnology , embryogenesis , cell , genetics , gene
Ontogeny of somatic embryos of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) produced from solid‐ and liquid‐culture‐derived proembryogenic masses (PEM) was compared using light and scanning electron microscopy. Somatic embryos produced from solid‐medium‐derived PEM (SPEM) had large cotyledons, little or no visible suspensor structure, and a relatively undeveloped concave shoot apical meristem, whereas those from liquid‐medium‐derived PEM (LPEM) had smaller cotyledons, a distinct suspensor, and a flat‐to‐convex shoot apical meristem. The convex shoot apical meristem in LPEM‐derived somatic embryos formed as early as the heart stage of development; it was 4–6 cell layers deep and rich in protein. Suspensors persisted in fully developed and mature LPEM‐derived somatic embryos. The SPEM‐derived somatic embryos exhibited dormancy, as do mature zygotic embryos, which also have a rudimentary suspensor, whereas LPEM‐derived embryos were not dormant. We hypothesize that the presence of a persistent suspensor in LPEM‐derived somatic embryos modulates development, ultimately resulting in rapid germination and a high plant‐regeneration rate.