Interaction intimacy of pathogens and herbivores with their host plants influences the topological structure of ecological networks in different ways

• Premise of the study: Over the past two decades an interest in the role that plant–animal mutualistic networks play in the organization and dynamic of biodiversity has steadily risen. Despite the ecological, evolutionary, and economic importance of plant–herbivore and plant–pathogen antagonistic relationships, however, few studies have examined these interactions in an ecological network framework. • Methods: We describe for the first time the topological structure of multitrophic networks involving congeneric tropical plant species of the genus Heliconia (Heliconiaceae, Zingiberales) and their herbivores and pathogens in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We based our study on the available literature describing the organisms (e.g., insects, mites, fungi, and bacteria) that attack 24 different species, hybrids, and cultivated varieties of Heliconia . • Key results: In general, pathogen– and herbivore– Heliconia networks differed in their topological structure (more modular vs. more nested, respectively): pathogen– Heliconia networks were more specialized and compartmentalized than herbivore– Heliconia networks. High modularity was likely due to the high intimacy that pathogens have with their host plants as compared with the more generalized feeding modes and behavior of herbivores. Some clusters clearly reflected the clustering of closely related cultivated varieties of Heliconia sharing the same pathogens. • Conclusions: From a commercial standpoint, different varieties of the same Heliconia species may be more susceptible to being attacked by the same species of pathogens. In summary, our study highlights the importance of interaction intimacy in structuring trophic relationships between plants and pathogens in the tropics.