Diversification of C 4 grasses (Poaceae) does not coincide with their ecological dominance

• Premise of the study: The radiation of a lineage and its rise to ecological dominance are distinct phenomena and driven by different processes. For example, paleoecological data has been used to show that the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation did not coincide with their rise to dominance. Using a phylogenetic approach, we here explored the evolution of C 4 grasses and evaluated whether the diversification of this group and its rise to ecological dominance in the late Miocene were decoupled. • Methods: We assembled a matrix including 675 grass species of the PACMAD clade and 2784 characters (ITS and ndhF ) to run a molecular dating analysis using three fossils as reference calibrations. We coded species as C 3 vs. C 4 and reconstructed ancestral states under maximum likelihood. We used the program BiSSE to test whether rates of diversification are correlated with photosynthetic pathway and whether the radiation of C 4 lineages preceded or coincided with their rise to ecological dominance from ∼10 Ma. • Key results: C 4 grass lineages first originated around 35 Ma at the time of the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Accelerated diversification of C 4 lineages did not coincide with their rise to ecological dominance. • Conclusions: C 4 ‐dominated grasslands have expanded only since the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The initial diversification of their biotic elements can be tracked back as far as the Eocene–Oligocene transition. We suggest that shifts in taxonomic diversification and ecological dominance were stimulated by different factors, as in the case of the early angiosperms in the Cretaceous.