Open AccessCellular Abnormalities and Emerging Biomarkers in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
Author(s) -
Ashwani K. Singal,
Shan M. Bailey
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
gene expression
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.591
H-Index - 46
eISSN - 1555-3884
pISSN - 1052-2166
DOI - 10.3727/105221618x15325235888914
Subject(s) - immune system , inflammation , oxidative stress , liver disease , immunology , disease , innate immune system , medicine , biomarker , alcoholic liver disease , fibrosis , systemic inflammation , hepatitis , biology , pathology , cirrhosis , biochemistry
Alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) is the third most common preventable cause for disease burden and mortality in the US. AALD, including alcoholic hepatitis (AH), contributes to half of admissions from decompensated liver disease and 20% of all liver transplants in the US. Peripheral blood cells contribute to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and fibrosis in AALD and AH. Alcohol dysregulates function of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages of the innate immune system. These alterations in turn can modulate adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe these disruptive effects of alcohol on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and focus on cellular-based emerging biomarkers on diagnosis and prognosis of patients with AALD and AH.