Precision Orthodontics: How Much Can Genomics and Gene Therapy Help?

With the newly emerging concepts and advancements in genetic/genomic technologies, information on causative or candidate gene(s), transcription factors or growth factors responsible for orthodontic cases such as craniofacial dysmorphologies, morphogenesis and differentiation of craniofacial tissues, midfacial defects, crowding of teeth, prognathism, genetic variations associated with susceptibility of developing and/or heterogeneity in treatment response of malocclusions are emerging. Promising results have been accrued on utilization of genetic testing for management of monogenic traits such as primary failure of eruption (PFE), and Class III malocclusion. As the impact of genetic/genomic factors on orthodontic treatment outcome is emerging, gene therapy as a novel approach is being explored for effective and precise orthodontic treatment. Despite certain challenges and biosafety issues, the emergence of some promising success stories and ongoing research in gene therapy provides an optimistic future in the field of precision orthodontics. However, in order for precision orthodontics to be implemented in daily practice, more exquisite research is warranted. This review encompasses a conspectus on the potentials of genomics and gene therapy in achieving precision orthodontics.