Mapping the Association between Vitamin D and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Observational Studies

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the highest contributor to disability worldwide, with currentintervention strategies only providing small to moderate analgesic effects. The use of vitamin Dsupplementation for LBP has gained interest due to its proposed anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatoryproperties. However, it is still unclear whether vitamin D levels differ between those with and without LBPor if vitamin D levels are associated with pain intensity.Objectives: We aim to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and LBP and to determine ifvitamin D levels correlate with pain intensity in individuals with LBP.Study Design: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines for performing a Metaanalysis and Systematic Review Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE).Methods: We performed electronic database searches combined keywords relating to vitamin D andLBP in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, and SCOPUS from the earliest record toMarch 2017. Studies were included if they reported any quantitative measure of vitamin D, such as serum25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], with adequate data in patients with and without LBP or adequate dataon pain intensity in patients with LBP. No restriction on the type or duration of LBP, nor the age and genderof patients was applied. Two reviewers independently performed the selection of studies, extracted data,and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using a modified 15-item Downs andBlack checklist.Results: After the removal of duplicates and the screening of titles and abstracts, 105 full texts wereevaluated. There were 29 articles included in this systemic review (22 entered into a meta-analysis),including 19 cross-sectional studies, 9 case-control studies, and one single-arm surgical trial where thepre-operative data were used in our analyses. The pooled results from 19 studies showed that individualswith LBP were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency (pooled OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.20 - 2.12, P = 0.001,n = 19), severe deficiency (pooled OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.19 - 3.64, P = 0.010, n = 7), and lower serumconcentrations of 25(OH)D (weighted MD = 3.86, 95% CI: 0.20 - 7.52, P = 0.039, n = 12) compared tothose without LBP (where “n” is the number of studies). The association between vitamin D deficiency(pooled OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.26 - 2.66, P = 0.002, n = 9) or serum 25(OH)D (weighted MD = 7.64,95% CI: 4.02 - 11.26, P < 0.001, n = 4) and LBP was stronger for women but failed to be statisticallysignificant for men (pooled OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.62 - 1.81, P = 0.213, n = 3). In addition, there werestrong associations between vitamin D deficiency and LBP in patients < 60 years old (particularly women).We found minimal evidence to support an association between vitamin D levels and pain intensity inpatients with LBP.Limitations: We were unable to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developingLBP as there were no longitudinal studies included in this review.Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with LBP, with stronger associations observed in youngerwomen and those with severe levels of deficiency. The association between vitamin D levels and painintensity is inconsistent. These results may guide the implementation of future studies on vitamin Dsupplementation for LBP.PROSPERO Registration No: CRD42016046874.Key words: Vitamin D, low back pain, deficiency, pain intensity, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D,supplementation, cross-sectional study, case-control study