Policies and Events Affecting Prescription Opioid Use for Non-Cancer Pain Among an Insured Patient Population

Background: Rising prescription opioid use and abuse have prompted widespread concern.However, to date there have been few rigorous investigations into the policies and events whichmay have contributed to these trends.Objective: This study investigates trends in opioid use and related adverse events amongindividuals with non-cancer pain before and after implementation of major national policies.Study Design: The study used a longitudinal prospective study design. The analysis was limitedto adults (age ≥ 18 years) without a recorded cancer diagnosis. Pharmacy claims were used toassess rates of prescription opioid use, the strength of opioids dispensed, the proportion usingopioids chronically, and related adverse events. Time trend analysis was used to identify changesin these rates over time. The study was Institutional Review Board approved.Setting: Study patients were members of a large, health maintenance organization in southeastMichigan, with longitudinal records of prescription opioid use.Results: The analysis comprised 523,623 individuals and 1,066,700 opioid pharmacy fills fromJanuary 1, 1997, to December 31, 2011. Contemporaneous with the implementation of healthorganization accreditation criteria requiring assessment and treatment of pain in all patientsbeginning January 2001, we observed a consistent and unabated increase in the rate of opioid fillsand the proportion of chronic use. A parallel increase in the annual rate of adverse events was alsoobserved. Similarly, we observed a continuous rise in the average strength of opioid fills followingJanuary 2001 with the exception of a single drop in December 2010, which was attributable tothe withdrawal of propoxyphene from the U.S. market.Limitations: This was an observational study and not a trial. Other long-term opioid-relatedbenefits or harms, including functional status, quality of life, and substance use disorder, werenot assessed.Conclusions: This study provides temporal evidence for a rise in prescription opioid use afterimplementation of health organization accreditation criteria requiring standardized managementof all individuals with pain.Key words: Opioid analgesics, chronic pain, chronic drug use, prescription drugs, painmanagement, propoxyphene, Joint Commission, adverse drug events, morphine dose equivalents,opioid epidemic