Open AccessFactors for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Author(s) -
Jalal Poorolajal,
Fatemeh Heidari-Moghis,
Manoochehr Karami,
Zahra Cheraghi,
Fatemeh Gohari-Ensaf,
Fatemeh Shahbazi,
Bushra Zareie,
Pietro Ameri,
Fatemeh Sahraee
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of research in health sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.317
H-Index - 20
eISSN - 2228-7809
pISSN - 2228-7795
DOI - 10.34172/jrhs.2021.57
Subject(s) - medicine , breast cancer , overweight , meta analysis , prospective cohort study , cohort study , obstetrics , gynecology , relative risk , publication bias , cancer , confidence interval , oncology , body mass index
Background: This report provided the effect of 15 preventable factors on the risk of breast cancer incidence. Study design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A detailed research was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in January 2020. Reference lists were also screened. Prospective cohort studies addressing the associations between breast cancer and 15 factors were analyzed. Between-study heterogeneity was investigated using the χ2 , τ2 , and I2 statistics. The probability of publication bias was explored using the Begg and Egger tests and trim-and-fill analysis. Effect sizes were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. Results: Based on the results, out of 147,083 identified studies, 197 were eligible, including 19,413,702 participants. The RRs (95% CI) of factors associated with breast cancer were as follows: cigarette smoking 1.07 (1.05, 1.09); alcohol drinking 1.10 (1.07, 1.12); sufficient physical activity 0.90 (0.86, 0.95); overweight/obesity in premenopausal 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) and postmenopausal 1.18 (1.13, 1.24); nulliparity 1.16 (1.03, 1.31); late pregnancy 1.37 (1.25, 1.50); breastfeeding 0.87 (0.81, 0.93); ever using oral contraceptive 1.00 (0.96, 1.05); ever using estrogen 1.13 (1.04, 1.23); ever using progesterone 1.02 (0.84, 1.24); ever using estrogen/progesterone 1.60 (1.42, 1.80); ever taking hormone replacement therapy 1.26 (1.20, 1.32); red meat consumption 1.05 (1.00, 1.11); fruit/vegetable consumption 0.87 (0.83, 0.90); and history of radiation therapy, based on single study 1.31 (0.87, 1.98). Conclusions: This meta-analysis provided a clear picture of several factors associated with the development of breast cancer. Moreover, the useful information in this study may be utilized for ranking and prioritizing preventable risk factors to implement effective prevention programs.