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The IKK-NF-κB signaling cascade is one of the crucial responsive mechanisms in inflammatory and immune responses. The key kinase proteins called inhibitor of kappa B kinases (IKKs) serve as the core elements involved in cascade activation. Here, the complete ORFs of IKK homologs,  PmIKK  β ,  PmIKK  ε  1 , and  PmIKK  ε  2 , from the black tiger shrimp  Penaeus monodon  were identified and characterized for their functions in shrimp antiviral responses. The  PmIKK  transcripts were widely expressed in various examined tissues and the  Pm IKKε protein was detected in all three types of shrimp hemocytes. Only the  PmIKK  ε  1  and  PmIKK  ε  2  were responsive to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow head virus (YHV) and a bacterium  Vibrio harveyi  infection, while the  PmIKK  β  exhibited no significant response to pathogen infection. On the contrary, suppression of  PmIKK  β  and  PmIKK  ε  by dsRNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in a rapid death of WSSV-infected shrimp and the significant reduction of an IFN-like  PmVago4  transcript. Whereas, the mRNA levels of the antimicrobial peptides,  ALFPm3  and  CrustinPm5 , and a transcription factor,  PmDorsal  were significantly increased, those of  ALFPm6, CrustinPm1, CrustinPm7, PmVago1, PmRelish , and  PmCactus  were unaffected. Overexpression of  Pm IKKβ and  Pm IKKε in HEK293T cells differentially activated the NF-κB and IFNβ promoter activities, respectively. These results suggest that the  Pm IKKβ and  Pm IKKε may act as common factors regulating the expression of immune-related genes from various signaling pathways. Interestingly, the  Pm IKKs may also contribute a possible role in shrimp cytokine-like system and cross-talking between signaling transductions in innate immune responses.

Penaeus monodon IKKs Participate in Regulation of Cytokine-Like System and Antiviral Responses of Innate Immune System