Open AccessDark and Bright Patterns in Cookie Consent Requests
Author(s) -
P.A.J. Graßl,
Hanna Schraffenberger,
Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius,
Moniek Buijzen
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of digital social research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2003-1998
DOI - 10.33621/jdsr.v3i1.54
Subject(s) - nudge theory , perception , control (management) , psychology , internet privacy , informed consent , social psychology , choice architecture , the internet , computer science , medicine , world wide web , artificial intelligence , neuroscience , alternative medicine , pathology
Dark patterns are (evil) design nudges that steer people’s behaviour through persuasive interface design. Increasingly found in cookie consent requests, they possibly undermine principles of EU privacy law. In two preregistered online experiments we investigated the effects of three common design nudges (default, aesthetic manipulation, obstruction) on users’ consent decisions and their perception of control over their personal data in these situations. In the first experiment (N = 228) we explored the effects of design nudges towards the privacy-unfriendly option (dark patterns). The experiment revealed that most participants agreed to all consent requests regardless of dark design nudges. Unexpectedly, despite generally low levels of perceived control, obstructing the privacy-friendly option led to more rather than less perceived control. In the second experiment (N = 255) we reversed the direction of the design nudges towards the privacy-friendly option, which we title “bright patterns”. This time the obstruction and default nudges swayed people effectively towards the privacy-friendly option, while the result regarding perceived control stayed the same compared to Experiment 1. Overall, our findings suggest that many current implementations of cookie consent requests do not enable meaningful choices by internet users, and are thus not in line with the intention of the EU policymakers. We also explore how policymakers could address the problem.