Chemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) – Updated Review

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical fruit belonging to Guttiferae (syn. Clusiaceae) family. Research on mangosteen has been widely conducted. Also, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to mangosteen have been published, indicating its significance and potential usefulness in the research field. This review was constructed by collecting and analyzing more than 50 research articles to explore the phytochemical contents and the medicinal benefits of mangosteen. A significant level of xanthones greatly contributes to the extensive pharmacological activities of mangosteen. Apart from xanthones, mangosteen also contained benzophenones, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Mangosteen had a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-acne, anti-aging, anti-hyperpigmentation, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiparasitic, and antitumor. Additionally, mangosteen has shown an advantageous activity toward pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, and pulmonary fibrosis. This literature review indicated that xanthone in mangosteen had potential and promising to be developed as a drug candidate. More extensive explorations, especially in pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and xanthone targeting effects, are widely open to be carried out for future research.