Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Nutshell

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates. With theincreasing number of preterm deliveries globally according to the World Health Organization, it is imperative to considera safe place for delivery and a good obstetric care to start with. Antenatal steroids are helpful not only in reducing the riskof RDS but also reducing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and Intraventricular hemorrhage which further improves theoutcome of a preterm delivery. Delayed cord clamping is recommended as it reduces mortality in preterm newborns. Useof optimal oxygen and getting CPAP into the delivery room has improved the outcome and reduced the need of mechanicalventilation thus reducing the risk of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD). Timing the administration of surfactant is important toavoid mechanical ventilation. The increasing use of non-invasive ventilation has reduced ventilator induced lung injuryand CLD. Many have embraced Heated Humidified High Flow Nasal Oxygen (HHHFNC) as an alternative to CPAP andits use has increased in view of its ease of use and lesser trauma. Caffeine facilitates early extubation in intubated preemieson ventilators and improves neurodevelopment outcome. Adequate nutrition and proper temperature control starting fromthe point of delivery cannot be emphasized enough for this group of population.