Radiative Models of the Hydrogen Atom outside Quantum Mechanics

Nuclear and non-nuclear radiative models of the hydrogen atom are devised. The nuclear model consists of N coplanar orbitseach with a particle having the electronic charge -e and a multiple nm of the electronic mass m, revolving in the nth orbit rounda heavy nucleus of charge +Ne and mass N(N + 1)m/2, where n = 1, 2, 3…..N. The non-nuclear model consists of N orbits eachwith two particles of the same mass nm but opposite charges +e and -e, revolving in the nth orbit round a common center ofmass. In the stable state a particle revolves with constant angular momentum nL, in a circle of radius nr1 at speed v1/n, wherer1 is the radius, v1 the speed and L the angular momentum in the first orbit. If a particle is dislodged from the circular orbit, itrevolves in an unclosed elliptic orbit, with emission of radiation at the frequency of revolution, in many cycles, before revertinginto the circular orbit. The radiation frequency is nearly equal to that of revolution in the circular orbit. It is shown that the wavenumbers of radiation from the non-nuclear model are in conformity with the Balmer-Rydberg formula for the lines in the emissionspectra of hydrogen gas. Radiation is shown to be due a charged particle having a component of its velocity in the direction ofan electric field, as in an elliptic orbit. A charged particle moving perpendicular to an electric field, as in Rutherford’s nuclearmodel, does not radiate and there is no need for Bohr’s quantum mechanics to stabilize the atom. The non-nuclear model isidentified with the atom of hydrogen gas and the nuclear model with the liquid or solid state.