Cosmic Matter Creation from Viscous Energy Dissipation: A Resurrection of Fred Hoyle’s Dream

Fred Hoyle is known as creator of the so-called “steady state universe” which latter, although permanently expanding,does not change its state of matter, especially keeping its density constant. To achieve this virtue Hoyle introducedinto the energy-momentum tensor of the GRT field equations a term derived from a so-called ad-hoc creation fieldastonishingly leading to field equations very similar to the ones already developed by Tolman when introducingenergy sources connected with viscous dissipation forces acting upon dust-like cosmic matter [1]. In this article herewe shall again study the action of viscous forces in cosmic baryonic matter and shall boil it down to volume viscositycontributions to the viscous stress tensor in a universe with a compressible Hubble flow. Assuming that by collisionsof any kind the energy of the differential Hubble drift between two collision points of cosmic matter particles, seenin the non-inertial rest frames of moving particles, is randomized and converted into thermal energy, one can thenshow with the help of a kinetic transport equation that during the cosmic expansion permanently thermal energy isgenerated leading to the result that the matter temperature, instead of falling-off, is linearly increasing with the scaleof the universe. This not only questions the standard use of the model of pressure-free, dust-like matter in the universe,but furthermore indicates the possibility of an asymptotic cosmic-ray-like matter state including the possibility ofmatter creation by pair production.