CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINALISTICS AND FORENSIC SCIENCES

Traditionally, Forensic Sciences and Criminalistics are considered to be kindred sciences which are supposed to discover the truth in legal proceedings by developing the methods of research and evidence assessment. Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences are a reflection of different periods of the formation of science, which was developing in different schools and, accordingly, scientific areas with the use of legal, technical, tactical and methodological capabilities that were in the arsenal of its best representatives. In general, criminalistic research in different countries is carried out depending on the variability of legal and scientific-technical factors that affect its form and content. At the same time, it should be noted there had been different schools and approaches, what enabled the formation of two criminalistic sciences in different parts of the world “Criminalistics” and “Forensic Sciences”. Criminalistcs is traditionally a “mother” science for both “Forensic Examination” and “Forensic Sciences” in general, because its initiated methodology (subject, system, methods) is primary for these sciences. The subject of Forensic Ezamination is inseparable from Criminalistics, as it allows creation and usage of methods developed through the application of rules and algorithms that had been developed by Criminalistics. The use of criminalistc tactics allows shaping the position of a forensic expert in court. Some types of forensic examinations are called criminalistic. Instead Forensic Sciences offer guidance and technology that forensic experts rely on. At the same time, Forensic Sciences take care of the formation of the testimony of forensic experts in court. It is also important for forensic scientists to give credit to Criminalistics for traditional approaches to the theory of identification, conduct, individualization and assessment of physical evidence. The conducted research made it possible to stress not only the possibility of situational synonymous use of “Criminalistics” and “Forensic Sciences”, as well as “Forensic Examination” and “Forensic Sciences”, but also to indicate that the mentioned sciences continue rapprochement and exchange, and this is enhanced by scientific and technological progress and globalization of the world. A significant role in this process play non-governmental and non-profit organizations of criminalistic, forensic research and forensic purposes, which conduct joint activities, develop and provide methods, declare certain inventions and specifics of the use of certain technical means for research purposes.