
Neural stem cells-from quiescence to differentiation and potential clinical uses
Author(s) -
Alexandra-Elena Dobranici,
Sorina Dinescu,
Marieta Costache
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
reviews in biological and biomedical sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2601-8136
DOI - 10.31178/rbbs.2021.4.1.2
Subject(s) - neural stem cell , stem cell , neuroscience , biology , multipotent stem cell , embryonic stem cell , intracellular , neurogenesis , microbiology and biotechnology , stimulation , adult stem cell , cellular differentiation , neuroepithelial cell , population , medicine , progenitor cell , genetics , environmental health , gene
Specialised cells of the brain are generated from a population of multipotent stem cells found in the forming embryo and adult brain after birth, called neural stem cells. They reside in specific niches, usually in a quiescent, non-proliferating state that maintains their reservoir. Neural stem cells are kept inactive by various cues such as direct cell-cell contacts with neighbouring cells or by soluble molecules that trigger intracellular responses. They are activated in response to injuries, physical exercise, or hypoxia condition, through stimulation of signaling pathways that are usually correlated with increased proliferation and survival. Moreover, mature neurons play essential role in regulating the balance between active and quiescent state by realising inhibitory or activating neurotransmitters. Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation is of great importance in elucidating pathological conditions of the brain and treating neurodegenerative disorders that until now have no efficient therapies.