Open AccessCOMMODORE J. ARMSTRONG – THE COMMANDER OF THE EAST INDIA SQUADRON IN CHINESE WATERS ON THE EVE AND DURING THE SECOND "OPIUM" WAR (1856–1860)
Author(s) -
A.L. Anisimov
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
the humanities and social studies in the far east
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 1992-2868
DOI - 10.31079/1992-2868-2020-17-3-164-168
Subject(s) - opium , china , christian ministry , ancient history , empire , east asia , history , state (computer science) , spanish civil war , middle east , political science , law , computer science , algorithm
The article examines the activities of the American East India Squadron led by its commander Commodore J. Armstrong in China on the eve and during the Second Opium War (1856–1860). The activities of the commander of the East India Squadron and the U.S. diplomatic representative in the Qing Empire J.E. Ward on the implementation of the new challenges of U.S. Chinese policy set by Washington in the first half of the 1950s of the XIX century are analyzed in the article. Demonstration and use of force ("gunboat policy") were used by U.S. representatives in China, both the Department of State and the Naval Ministry, to intimidate the Qing authorities, to tear Taiwan away from China.